Progress in research on the ecosystem service driving mechanisms: implications for the Karst World Heritage sites

Understanding ecosystem service driving mechanisms (ESDM) is essential to ensure the sustainable utilization of ecosystem services (ES). However, a systematic assessment of ESDM is still lacking. To address this gap, this study used a systematic literature review framework to analyze 229 relevant publications from the Scopus database. The main findings are as follows: The number of relevant publications generally increased year-on-year. The value and modeling method were primarily used to quantify multiple ES. Multi-method overlay analysis revealed thresholds, nonlinearity, interactions, and combined effects among driving factors. These publications focused on assessing local ESDM status, optimizing assessment methods, and developing ecological management strategies. The study discusses major advances in ESDM research, including theoretical frameworks, indicator systems, assessment methods, and management strategies, while also highlighting potential future challenges. Based on the findings, practical recommendations are provided to optimize the socio-ecological function of Karst World Heritage sites.