Legal and ethical breaches in personal health data handling among cardiologists: A multicenter survey on compliance gaps and forensic risk

The digitization of healthcare services in Türkiye has introduced significant legal and ethical challenges, particularly concerning the protection of personal health data. Despite established legal frameworks, limited empirical data exist regarding the behavioral and legal awareness of physicians, especially cardiologists, in complying with data protection regulations. To evaluate the legal and practical awareness of cardiologists in Türkiye regarding the protection of personal health data, identify common non-compliant practices, and assess associated forensic risks. A cross-sectional, multicenter survey was conducted with 52 cardiologists from various institutions in Türkiye. The questionnaire, developed through literature review and expert input, included 12 items addressing clinical data practices, password sharing, anonymization awareness, and communication methods. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v26. The majority of respondents demonstrated poor compliance with core data protection principles. While 71 % were aware of legal sanctions, nearly half admitted to sharing patient data without consent, and 78.85 % used unsecured platforms like WhatsApp for data transmission. Moreover, 67.31 % were unfamiliar with anonymization, and only one-third maintained exclusive control over their digital signatures. This study highlights a critical gap between legal knowledge and clinical practice among cardiologists in Türkiye. Institutional interventions—including targeted training, legal education, and secure data systems—are urgently needed to improve compliance, mitigate forensic risk, and uphold patient privacy. • Most cardiologists lack formal training in personal data protection. • Over 75 % reported using unsecured platforms to share health data. • Awareness of anonymization and digital signature laws remains low. • Behavioral gaps expose both patients and physicians to legal risk. • Study urges institutional reforms to bridge compliance deficits.