Assessing the Impacts of Hydro Energy Consumption, Coal Energy Consumption and Political Stability on Environmental Sustainability in India

Attaining environmental sustainability is not possible without limiting carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions; therefore, this study examines the impact of hydro energy consumption, coal consumption, and political stability on India’s environmental sustainability from 1985 to 2021. Empirical findings indicate that hydro energy has an insignificant impact, coal consumption significantly increases CO2 emissions, and political stability promotes environmental sustainability. The study recommends implementing policies to address urgent environmental challenges and foster a sustainable future in India.