Cumulative estimated glucose disposal rate predicts frailty progression in Chinese adults with diabetes: a 9-year follow-up cohort study

Higher cumulative estimated glucose disposal rate, reflecting better sustained insulin sensitivity over four years, was associated with a slower nine-year frailty progression among middle-aged and older Chinese adults with diabetes. Although the effect size is modest and causality cannot be inferred, cumulative estimated glucose disposal rate may serve as a useful indicator for long-term risk assessment and longitudinal monitoring of frailty.