Microbial Diversity and Metabolic Adaptations in Mars‐Analog Lava Tubes

Abstract Lunar and Martian lava tubes will offer stable temperatures and radiation protection, making them potential habitats for extraterrestrial life. The Martian atmosphere, containing gases like H 2 , CO, and CH 4 , could serve as an energy source for microbes. To address the knowledge gap concerning microbial communities and their survival strategies in Earth's lava tubes, which serve as analogs on Mars, we conducted a study at the Shishan Volcanic Group located in Haikou City, Hainan Province. Through field surveys, microcosm experiments, and multi‐omics analyses, we explored the microbial composition and survival mechanisms within these environments. The results revealed that bacterial communities were predominantly composed of Pseudomonadota , Actinomycetota , and Bacillota , while archaeal communities were primarily represented by Thermoproteota and Thermoplasmatota . Bacteria had significantly higher abundance and diversity than archaea, and were positively correlated with low organic matter content. Additionally, the pmoA gene, associated with methane metabolism, was found to be highly abundant, which aligns with the observed high methane oxidation rates. Exposure to 10 ppm CH 4 downregulated methane monooxygenase, hydrogenase, and CO dehydrogenase expression, indicating microbial adaptation to low‐concentration trace gases for energy. Genomic analyses show that some bacteria use both the energy‐efficient reductive TCA cycle and the high‐energy Calvin‐Benson cycle to fix carbon dioxide while oxidizing trace gases. This metabolic versatility may provide a competitive advantage over archaea, potentially contributing to the high abundance of bacteria within lava tubes. These findings from Mars‐analog lava tubes provide insights into extraterrestrial life survival strategies, advancing our understanding of astrobiology.