Access to Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) practices and their associations with waterborne diseases and malnutrition in Ibrahim Kodbuur District, Hargeisa, Somaliland: a cross-sectional study

Due to socioeconomic obstacles, Ibrahim Kodbuur's subpar WASH feeds the cycles of illness and malnutrition. Evidence from analogous low-resource settings indicates that targeted interventions-such as Biosand filters (reducing diarrheal risks by 25-58%), subsidized infrastructure, and hygiene education-could substantially mitigate these cycles, fostering equitable health gains in comparable peri-urban Somaliland environments, while more extensive multi-district research is required for wider generalizability.