Comparative Analysis of Coagulation and Liver Parameters in Individuals with Alcohol and Substance Use Disorders and Healthy Controls

<b>Background/Objectives:</b> Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) and Substance Use Disorders (SUDs) can affect both the liver, where clotting factors are synthesized, and the coagulation system, which prevents acute bleeding. <b>Methods:</b> This study included 451 inpatients undergoing addiction detoxification and 150 healthy controls. Patients were stratified by substance type: Alcohol (<i>n</i> = 110), Cannabinoid (<i>n</i> = 71), Methamphetamine (<i>n</i> = 110), Multiple-Substance (Methamphetamine + Cannabinoid, <i>n</i> = 110), and Opioid (<i>n</i> = 50) users. Age-matched control groups (mean ages 45, <i>n</i> = 50; 30, <i>n</i> = 100) were used. Serum levels of Ca, INR, PT, APTT, PLT, AST, and ALT, alongside sociodemographic variables, were assessed. <b>Results:</b> Significant group differences were observed in ALT, AST, PT, APTT, and PLT (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Notably, PT was lower in Multiple Substance and Methamphetamine users; APTT was elevated in Cannabinoid users; AST was higher in Alcohol users; and Methamphetamine and Opioid users exhibited both decreased AST and ALT. Post hoc analyses confirmed substance-specific effects (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Regular cigarette use was significantly more prevalent among alcohol and substance user groups compared to controls; however, smoking did not exert a significant effect on the evaluated biochemical or coagulation parameters. <b>Conclusions:</b> These findings demonstrate that liver enzymes and coagulation parameters can vary significantly by substance type. Observed alterations in AST, ALT, PT, APTT, and PLT suggest that substance use may exert substance-specific effects on hepatic and haemostatic function, highlighting potential risks for bleeding or thrombotic complications. Monitoring these parameters in AUD and SUD patients could provide valuable clinical insights, allowing for more tailored and proactive management strategies. While the underlying mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated, these results emphasize the importance of considering substance-specific physiological impacts when assessing liver and coagulation health in addicted populations.