Kinetic, thermodynamic, and process evaluation of Dracaena draco biomass fiber pyrolysis for sustainable biofuel production

• First study on Dracaena draco waste fibers (DdwFs) pyrolysis for biofuel production. • Multi-step degradation of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin revealed by TGA. • Kinetic analysis using Coats–Redfern and Criado’s master plot for model validation. • Activation energies (47.7–239.8 kJ/mol) vary with heating rate, indicating complex kinetics. • Thermodynamic analysis confirms pyrolysis is endothermic and non-spontaneous. As global demand for sustainable energy intensifies, the depletion of fossil fuels and environmental concerns drive the search for alternative, renewable resources. Biomass, particularly underutilized waste fibers, offers significant potential. This study investigates Dracaena draco waste fibers (DdwFs) as a promising feedstock for biofuel production through pyrolysis, a well-established thermochemical process.Using thermogravimetric (TGA) analysis at heating rates of 15, 25, and 30 °C min − 1, the study examines the pyrolysis kinetics and thermodynamics of DdwFs. The Coats–Redfern method is applied to determine the kinetic triplet, activation energy (E a ), pre-exponential factor (A), and reaction mechanism, while Criado’s master plot validates the model. The results reveal a multi-step degradation process involving hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin. The Random Nucleation and Growth models (M15–M22) best describe the kinetics, with E a values ranging from 47.7 to 239.8 kJ mol −1 . Thermodynamic analysis confirms that pyrolysis is endothermic (ΔH > 0) and non-spontaneous (ΔG > 0), necessitating continuous energy input. These findings underscore the potential of DdwFs as a renewable biofuel source, providing valuable insights into the energy requirements and reaction mechanisms crucial for optimizing biomass conversion. This research offers a pathway for improving reactor designs and advancing sustainable biofuel production, contributing to the transition from fossil fuels to eco-friendly energy solutions.