From Data to Entity: A Multi-Criteria Framework for Evaluating Digital Existence in Network Systems

As data becomes an economic asset, the need arises for formal criteria to determine when a digital object constitutes a valid network entity. This paper presents a decision-tree-based framework grounded in five computable criteria: unique identifiablity, self-containedness, persistence with traceability, connectivity, and multi-source validation. Digital objects are classified into four existence tiers, enabling structured analysis of their operational and ontological status. The framework is evaluated across heterogeneous real-world datasets—blockchain transactions, software repositories, and archival metadata—demonstrating adaptability and classification consistency. Results suggest broad applicability for digital governance, automated compliance, and asset valuation scenarios.