Adverse childhood experiences and cognitive function among older adults in low‐ and middle‐income countries: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

ACEs are associated with an increased risk of poor cognitive function and impairment in old age in LMICs, consistent with findings from high-income countries. However, the evidence from LMICs is scanty, with most of the included studies conducted in China. Consideration of key ACE characteristics like frequency, severity and age at exposure remain largely unexamined despite their potential importance. More research in other LMICs considering contextual ACEs is needed to build the evidence base.