Endometriosis: From Genes to Global Burden

Endometriosis has a significant impact on the social, psychological, psychosomatic, and physical aspects of women's lives. There is increasing evidence that endometriosis has to be seen as a systemic and complex disorder with a multifactorial etiology, accompanied by numerous other pathologies, such as mental disorders and even cancer. Herein, we analyzed Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) and Years Lived with Disability (YLDs) generated from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD 2021), which are key metrics used to measure the worldwide impact of diseases. Besides, differential gene expression data generated from the Turku Endomet Database were calculated. Briefly, log2-transformed gene expression counts were investigated using linear modeling with the function expression ~ condition to generate log2 fold changes and <i>p</i>-values for each gene. This enabled a precise comparative analysis of mRNA expression levels between control endometrium and various endometriosis-affected tissues, including ovarian endometrioma, peritoneal lesions, and deep endometriosis. Expression patterns of specific genes related to pain and malignant turnover within endometriosis samples and controls have been analyzed. The identification of upregulated genes like <i>FOS</i>, <i>DES</i>, <i>SIRT1</i>, <i>SBDS</i>, <i>SRF</i>, <i>SPN</i>, <i>P2RX1</i>, <i>TEAD3</i>, and <i>SLITRK3</i>, alongside downregulated genes such as <i>KIF22</i>, <i>KIF25</i>, <i>GAS2L2</i>, and <i>HINT3</i>, highlights a broad transcriptional reprogramming within endometriotic tissues. The clustering analysis, which reveals pain-related genes (<i>SRP14</i>/<i>BMF</i>, <i>GDAP1</i>, <i>MLLT10</i>, <i>BSN</i>, and <i>NGF</i>), further solidifies the genetic basis for the chronic and often debilitating pain experienced by patients with endometriosis. In 2021, women with endometriosis experienced the highest rates of total YLDs at 19.98%, with anxiety contributing 17.21% and major depression 8.12%, equating to mean YLDs of 15-24 years. In conclusion, our findings reinforce the need for adopting a holistic, psychosomatic approach to managing endometriosis. The identified genetic markers related to pain provide a biological basis for the profound physical suffering. At the same time, the robust DALYs and YLDs data quantify the devastating impact on mental health, particularly highlighting the significant burden of depression and anxiety.