Enhancing mathematical modeling competencies through AI-powered VR

The results indicated that the integration of the AI-pVR instructional approach significantly improved students' modeling competencies and related sub-dimensions. These sub-dimensions were problem understanding and simplification, mathematizing, working mathematically, interpreting, and verifying. Based on these findings, it is recommended that artificial intelligence applications, which can positively influence various areas such as competencies, should be incorporated into teachers' lessons and even included in curriculum programs.