Molecular diagnostic biomarkers of subretinal fluid in assessing the severity and prognosis of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment

The article presents a comprehensive review of current studies devoted to diagnostic approaches involving molecular markers of subretinal fluid (SRF) in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). The qualitative and quantitative features of SRF components are examined, including proteins associated with coagulation cascade, proteolysis, and neuronal injury, as well as the dynamics of these components in the early stages of the disease. Particular attention is given to the role of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, -1α, CCL19) and proliferation factors (TGF-β2) involved in the pathogenesis of RRD and the development of proliferative changes, highlighting their potential as biomarkers for assessing damage severity and predicting outcomes. The review also presents modern methods for noninvasive evaluation of SRF, specifically optical coherence tomography (OCT) that provides new diagnostic opportunities. The article emphasizes the importance of an integrated approach, combining clinical data, laboratory parameters, and noninvasive methods to improve prognostic accuracy and effectiveness of therapy, and outlines the prospects for further research into novel molecular markers and the development of corresponding diagnostic algorithms, which will help optimize the management of patients with RRD, reduce time and resource costs, and improve the quality of life of patients.