Weak-lensing Approximation of Wave-optics Effects from General Symmetric Lens Profiles

Abstract Gravitational lensing of electromagnetic (EM) waves has yielded many profound discoveries across fundamental physics, astronomy, astrophysics, and cosmology. Similar to EM waves, gravitational waves (GWs) can also be lensed. When their wavelength is comparable to the characteristic scale of the lens, wave-optics (WO) effects manifest as frequency-dependent modulations in the GW waveform. These WO features encode valuable information about the lensing system but are challenging to model, especially in the weak-lensing regime, which has a larger optical depth than the strong-lensing regime. We present a novel and efficient framework to accurately approximate WO effects induced by general symmetric lens profiles. Our method is validated against numerical calculations and recovers the expected asymptotic behavior in both high- and low-frequency limits. Accurate and efficient modeling of WO effects in the weak-lensing regime will enable improved lens reconstruction and delensing of standard sirens and provide a unique probe to the properties of low-mass halos with minimal baryonic content, offering new insights into the nature of dark matter.