Next-generation healthcare: Unveiling the potential of 3D and 4D printing in personalized medicine and medical devices

Recent breakthroughs in additive manufacturing (AM), particularly 3D and 4D printing, have changed customized medicine and medical device development. These technologies make it possible to build patient-specific solutions that are in line with precision healthcare on demand. This review offers an important summary of recent advancements in 3D and 4D printing within the realm of personalized medicine, highlighting innovations in materials, advancements in technology, clinical uses, regulatory hurdles, and prospects for the future. A comprehensive literature review was conducted covering advancements in materials, printing techniques, biomedical uses, regulatory considerations, and emerging integrations with AI and robotics. 3D printing offers customised implants, drug delivery systems, prosthetics, and anatomical models, while 4D printing adds smart, stimuli-responsive functionalities for dynamic and self-adapting medical equipment. AI-driven design and multi-material platforms are boosting next-generation manufacturing. Despite development, hurdles such as biocompatibility, scalability, regulatory approval, and ethical considerations continue to prevent widespread clinical adoption. 3D and 4D printing hold transformative potential in advancing personalized healthcare. Continued interdisciplinary research, regulatory innovation, and ethical vigilance are essential to translate these technologies from lab to clinic, ushering in a new era of smart, patient-centric therapeutics and medical devices.