Recent Advances in the Antioxidant and Anti‐Inflammatory Effects of Bee Venom: Therapeutic Insights and Mechanisms

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and chronic inflammation are fundamental drivers of cellular dysfunction and are involved in the pathogenesis of numerous chronic diseases. Excessive ROS production leads to oxidative damage of lipids, proteins and DNA while persistent inflammation exacerbated tissue injury creating a vicious cycle and impaired repair. Against these interconnected alterations. Apitherapy, particularly the use of bee venom has shown promising potential due to its active compound specifically: The melittin, Phospholipase A2, Apamin and many others which possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties and offer novel therapeutic strategies including targeting inflammatory pathways and enhancing endogenous antioxidant defense, to mitigate chronic disease. This review seeks to offer a deeper understanding of the biological properties of bee venom especially its potential in the treatment of inflammation related disease and oxidative stress-related disorders, highlighting current evidence and future perspectives.