Carboxylic acid induced restructuring of the Fe3O4(001) surface

The redox properties of Fe3O4 surfaces are central to many catalytic processes and enable dynamic, reduction-induced morphological restructuring during reactions. Here, we investigate the structural changes of the Fe3O4(001) surface during the decomposition of formic and acetic acids using scanning tunneling microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Both acids readily deprotonate, forming ordered carboxylate overlayers on the surface. Product formation pathways involve the removal of lattice oxygen, resulting in extensive surface restructuring. For formic acid, only a modest level of surface oxygen removal (∼3%) is observed, resulting in elongated pits along the octahedral Fe rows and exhibiting an aspect ratio of ∼3. In contrast, acetic acid induces more extensive reduction, with the removal of ∼20% of surface oxygen, yielding significantly larger pits while maintaining a similar aspect ratio. Repeated exposure to acetic acid further enlarges the pits, indicating preferential etching at step edges. DFT calculations reveal a mechanistic sequence in which lattice oxygen removal destabilizes adjacent Fe atoms, promoting their migration into the bulk and subsequent pit propagation and step edge formation. Together, these findings provide atomistic insights into the coupling between carboxylic acid conversion and oxide surface restructuring, underscoring the strong interplay between redox chemistry and morphological changes on catalytically active Fe3O4 surfaces.