Generalized definition of the isothermal compressibility in ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> )-flavor QCD

We introduce a generalized definition of the isothermal compressibility ( <a:math xmlns:a="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <a:mrow> <a:msub> <a:mrow> <a:mi>κ</a:mi> </a:mrow> <a:mrow> <a:mi>T</a:mi> <a:mo>,</a:mo> <a:msubsup> <a:mrow> <a:mi>σ</a:mi> </a:mrow> <a:mrow> <a:mi>Q</a:mi> </a:mrow> <a:mrow> <a:mn>2</a:mn> </a:mrow> </a:msubsup> </a:mrow> </a:msub> </a:mrow> </a:math> ) calculable by keeping net conserved charge fluctuations rather than total number densities constant. We present lattice QCD results for this isothermal compressibility, expressed in terms of fluctuations of conserved charges that are related to baryon ( <c:math xmlns:c="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <c:mi>B</c:mi> </c:math> ), electric charge ( <e:math xmlns:e="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <e:mi>Q</e:mi> </e:math> ), and strangeness ( <g:math xmlns:g="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <g:mi>S</g:mi> </g:math> ) quantum numbers. This generalized isothermal compressibility is compared with hadron resonance gas model calculations as well as with heavy-ion collision data obtained at RHIC and the LHC. We find <i:math xmlns:i="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <i:mrow> <i:msub> <i:mrow> <i:mi>κ</i:mi> </i:mrow> <i:mrow> <i:mi>T</i:mi> <i:mo>,</i:mo> <i:msubsup> <i:mrow> <i:mi>σ</i:mi> </i:mrow> <i:mrow> <i:mi>Q</i:mi> </i:mrow> <i:mrow> <i:mn>2</i:mn> </i:mrow> </i:msubsup> </i:mrow> </i:msub> <i:mo>=</i:mo> <i:mn>13.8</i:mn> <i:mo stretchy="false">(</i:mo> <i:mn>1.3</i:mn> <i:mo stretchy="false">)</i:mo> <i:mtext> </i:mtext> <i:mtext> </i:mtext> <i:msup> <i:mrow> <i:mi>fm</i:mi> </i:mrow> <i:mrow> <i:mn>3</i:mn> </i:mrow> </i:msup> <i:mo>/</i:mo> <i:mi>GeV</i:mi> </i:mrow> </i:math> at <m:math xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <m:mrow> <m:msub> <m:mrow> <m:mi>T</m:mi> </m:mrow> <m:mrow> <m:mi>pc</m:mi> <m:mo>,</m:mo> <m:mn>0</m:mn> </m:mrow> </m:msub> <m:mo>=</m:mo> <m:mn>156.5</m:mn> <m:mo stretchy="false">(</m:mo> <m:mn>1.5</m:mn> <m:mo stretchy="false">)</m:mo> <m:mtext> </m:mtext> <m:mtext> </m:mtext> <m:mi>MeV</m:mi> </m:mrow> </m:math> and <q:math xmlns:q="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <q:msub> <q:mover accent="true"> <q:mi>μ</q:mi> <q:mo stretchy="false">^</q:mo> </q:mover> <q:mi>B</q:mi> </q:msub> <q:mo>=</q:mo> <q:mn>0</q:mn> </q:math> . This finding is consistent with the rescaled result of the ALICE Collaboration, where we replaced the number of charged hadrons ( <u:math xmlns:u="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <u:msub> <u:mi>N</u:mi> <u:mrow> <u:mi>ch</u:mi> </u:mrow> </u:msub> </u:math> ) by the total number of hadrons ( <w:math xmlns:w="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <w:msub> <w:mi>N</w:mi> <w:mrow> <w:mi>tot</w:mi> </w:mrow> </w:msub> </w:math> ) at freeze-out. Normalizing this result with the QCD pressure ( <y:math xmlns:y="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <y:mi>P</y:mi> </y:math> ) we find that the isothermal compressibility on the pseudocritical line stays close to that of an , i.e., <ab:math xmlns:ab="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <ab:mrow> <ab:mi>P</ab:mi> <ab:msub> <ab:mrow> <ab:mi>κ</ab:mi> </ab:mrow> <ab:mrow> <ab:mi>T</ab:mi> <ab:mo>,</ab:mo> <ab:msubsup> <ab:mrow> <ab:mi>σ</ab:mi> </ab:mrow> <ab:mrow> <ab:mi>Q</ab:mi> </ab:mrow> <ab:mrow> <ab:mn>2</ab:mn> </ab:mrow> </ab:msubsup> </ab:mrow> </ab:msub> <ab:mo>≃</ab:mo> <ab:mn>1</ab:mn> </ab:mrow> </ab:math> .

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Physical review. D/Physical review. D.
Published
2025-12-22
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1103/xdyq-hphf
Primary Topic
High-Energy Particle Collisions Research
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article

Generalized definition of the isothermal compressibility in ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> )-flavor QCD

Jishnu Goswami, Anonymous, F. Karsch, P. Petreczky
Physical review. D/Physical review. D.
High-Energy Particle Collisions Research
article

Generalized definition of the isothermal compressibility in ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> )-flavor QCD

Jishnu Goswami, Anonymous, F. Karsch, P. Petreczky
article en

Abstract

We introduce a generalized definition of the isothermal compressibility ( <a:math xmlns:a="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <a:mrow> <a:msub> <a:mrow> <a:mi>κ</a:mi> </a:mrow> <a:mrow> <a:mi>T</a:mi> <a:mo>,</a:mo> <a:msubsup> <a:mrow> <a:mi>σ</a:mi> </a:mrow> <a:mrow> <a:mi>Q</a:mi> </a:mrow> <a:mrow> <a:mn>2</a:mn> </a:mrow> </a:msubsup> </a:mrow> </a:msub> </a:mrow> </a:math> ) calculable by keeping net conserved charge fluctuations rather than total number densities constant. We present lattice QCD results for this isothermal compressibility, expressed in terms of fluctuations of conserved charges that are related to baryon ( <c:math xmlns:c="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <c:mi>B</c:mi> </c:math> ), electric charge ( <e:math xmlns:e="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <e:mi>Q</e:mi> </e:math> ), and strangeness ( <g:math xmlns:g="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <g:mi>S</g:mi> </g:math> ) quantum numbers. This generalized isothermal compressibility is compared with hadron resonance gas model calculations as well as with heavy-ion collision data obtained at RHIC and the LHC. We find <i:math xmlns:i="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <i:mrow> <i:msub> <i:mrow> <i:mi>κ</i:mi> </i:mrow> <i:mrow> <i:mi>T</i:mi> <i:mo>,</i:mo> <i:msubsup> <i:mrow> <i:mi>σ</i:mi> </i:mrow> <i:mrow> <i:mi>Q</i:mi> </i:mrow> <i:mrow> <i:mn>2</i:mn> </i:mrow> </i:msubsup> </i:mrow> </i:msub> <i:mo>=</i:mo> <i:mn>13.8</i:mn> <i:mo stretchy="false">(</i:mo> <i:mn>1.3</i:mn> <i:mo stretchy="false">)</i:mo> <i:mtext> </i:mtext> <i:mtext> </i:mtext> <i:msup> <i:mrow> <i:mi>fm</i:mi> </i:mrow> <i:mrow> <i:mn>3</i:mn> </i:mrow> </i:msup> <i:mo>/</i:mo> <i:mi>GeV</i:mi> </i:mrow> </i:math> at <m:math xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <m:mrow> <m:msub> <m:mrow> <m:mi>T</m:mi> </m:mrow> <m:mrow> <m:mi>pc</m:mi> <m:mo>,</m:mo> <m:mn>0</m:mn> </m:mrow> </m:msub> <m:mo>=</m:mo> <m:mn>156.5</m:mn> <m:mo stretchy="false">(</m:mo> <m:mn>1.5</m:mn> <m:mo stretchy="false">)</m:mo> <m:mtext> </m:mtext> <m:mtext> </m:mtext> <m:mi>MeV</m:mi> </m:mrow> </m:math> and <q:math xmlns:q="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <q:msub> <q:mover accent="true"> <q:mi>μ</q:mi> <q:mo stretchy="false">^</q:mo> </q:mover> <q:mi>B</q:mi> </q:msub> <q:mo>=</q:mo> <q:mn>0</q:mn> </q:math> . This finding is consistent with the rescaled result of the ALICE Collaboration, where we replaced the number of charged hadrons ( <u:math xmlns:u="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <u:msub> <u:mi>N</u:mi> <u:mrow> <u:mi>ch</u:mi> </u:mrow> </u:msub> </u:math> ) by the total number of hadrons ( <w:math xmlns:w="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <w:msub> <w:mi>N</w:mi> <w:mrow> <w:mi>tot</w:mi> </w:mrow> </w:msub> </w:math> ) at freeze-out. Normalizing this result with the QCD pressure ( <y:math xmlns:y="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <y:mi>P</y:mi> </y:math> ) we find that the isothermal compressibility on the pseudocritical line stays close to that of an , i.e., <ab:math xmlns:ab="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <ab:mrow> <ab:mi>P</ab:mi> <ab:msub> <ab:mrow> <ab:mi>κ</ab:mi> </ab:mrow> <ab:mrow> <ab:mi>T</ab:mi> <ab:mo>,</ab:mo> <ab:msubsup> <ab:mrow> <ab:mi>σ</ab:mi> </ab:mrow> <ab:mrow> <ab:mi>Q</ab:mi> </ab:mrow> <ab:mrow> <ab:mn>2</ab:mn> </ab:mrow> </ab:msubsup> </ab:mrow> </ab:msub> <ab:mo>≃</ab:mo> <ab:mn>1</ab:mn> </ab:mrow> </ab:math> .

Physical review. D/Physical review. D.Vol. 113(3)
Brookhaven National Laboratory (US), Bielefeld University (DE), University of Utah (US)
Openalex Percentile: Top 23%
High-Energy Particle Collisions Research
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