Generalized definition of the isothermal compressibility in ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> )-flavor QCD
We introduce a generalized definition of the isothermal compressibility ( <a:math xmlns:a="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <a:mrow> <a:msub> <a:mrow> <a:mi>κ</a:mi> </a:mrow> <a:mrow> <a:mi>T</a:mi> <a:mo>,</a:mo> <a:msubsup> <a:mrow> <a:mi>σ</a:mi> </a:mrow> <a:mrow> <a:mi>Q</a:mi> </a:mrow> <a:mrow> <a:mn>2</a:mn> </a:mrow> </a:msubsup> </a:mrow> </a:msub> </a:mrow> </a:math> ) calculable by keeping net conserved charge fluctuations rather than total number densities constant. We present lattice QCD results for this isothermal compressibility, expressed in terms of fluctuations of conserved charges that are related to baryon ( <c:math xmlns:c="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <c:mi>B</c:mi> </c:math> ), electric charge ( <e:math xmlns:e="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <e:mi>Q</e:mi> </e:math> ), and strangeness ( <g:math xmlns:g="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <g:mi>S</g:mi> </g:math> ) quantum numbers. This generalized isothermal compressibility is compared with hadron resonance gas model calculations as well as with heavy-ion collision data obtained at RHIC and the LHC. We find <i:math xmlns:i="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <i:mrow> <i:msub> <i:mrow> <i:mi>κ</i:mi> </i:mrow> <i:mrow> <i:mi>T</i:mi> <i:mo>,</i:mo> <i:msubsup> <i:mrow> <i:mi>σ</i:mi> </i:mrow> <i:mrow> <i:mi>Q</i:mi> </i:mrow> <i:mrow> <i:mn>2</i:mn> </i:mrow> </i:msubsup> </i:mrow> </i:msub> <i:mo>=</i:mo> <i:mn>13.8</i:mn> <i:mo stretchy="false">(</i:mo> <i:mn>1.3</i:mn> <i:mo stretchy="false">)</i:mo> <i:mtext> </i:mtext> <i:mtext> </i:mtext> <i:msup> <i:mrow> <i:mi>fm</i:mi> </i:mrow> <i:mrow> <i:mn>3</i:mn> </i:mrow> </i:msup> <i:mo>/</i:mo> <i:mi>GeV</i:mi> </i:mrow> </i:math> at <m:math xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <m:mrow> <m:msub> <m:mrow> <m:mi>T</m:mi> </m:mrow> <m:mrow> <m:mi>pc</m:mi> <m:mo>,</m:mo> <m:mn>0</m:mn> </m:mrow> </m:msub> <m:mo>=</m:mo> <m:mn>156.5</m:mn> <m:mo stretchy="false">(</m:mo> <m:mn>1.5</m:mn> <m:mo stretchy="false">)</m:mo> <m:mtext> </m:mtext> <m:mtext> </m:mtext> <m:mi>MeV</m:mi> </m:mrow> </m:math> and <q:math xmlns:q="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <q:msub> <q:mover accent="true"> <q:mi>μ</q:mi> <q:mo stretchy="false">^</q:mo> </q:mover> <q:mi>B</q:mi> </q:msub> <q:mo>=</q:mo> <q:mn>0</q:mn> </q:math> . This finding is consistent with the rescaled result of the ALICE Collaboration, where we replaced the number of charged hadrons ( <u:math xmlns:u="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <u:msub> <u:mi>N</u:mi> <u:mrow> <u:mi>ch</u:mi> </u:mrow> </u:msub> </u:math> ) by the total number of hadrons ( <w:math xmlns:w="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <w:msub> <w:mi>N</w:mi> <w:mrow> <w:mi>tot</w:mi> </w:mrow> </w:msub> </w:math> ) at freeze-out. Normalizing this result with the QCD pressure ( <y:math xmlns:y="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <y:mi>P</y:mi> </y:math> ) we find that the isothermal compressibility on the pseudocritical line stays close to that of an , i.e., <ab:math xmlns:ab="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <ab:mrow> <ab:mi>P</ab:mi> <ab:msub> <ab:mrow> <ab:mi>κ</ab:mi> </ab:mrow> <ab:mrow> <ab:mi>T</ab:mi> <ab:mo>,</ab:mo> <ab:msubsup> <ab:mrow> <ab:mi>σ</ab:mi> </ab:mrow> <ab:mrow> <ab:mi>Q</ab:mi> </ab:mrow> <ab:mrow> <ab:mn>2</ab:mn> </ab:mrow> </ab:msubsup> </ab:mrow> </ab:msub> <ab:mo>≃</ab:mo> <ab:mn>1</ab:mn> </ab:mrow> </ab:math> .
Authors
- Jishnu Goswami (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7877-3033)
- Anonymous
- F. Karsch
- P. Petreczky
Institutions
- Brookhaven National Laboratory (US)
- Bielefeld University (DE)
- University of Utah (US)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Physical review. D/Physical review. D.
- Published
- 2025-12-22
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1103/xdyq-hphf
- Primary Topic
- High-Energy Particle Collisions Research
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00