Developing a serious game for enhancing student problem-solving: a three-layers effectiveness model

• Strong Pedagogical Design: Our study provides a robust example of serious game design led by pedagogical experts. The paper offers a balanced reflection on both the successes and challenges faced throughout the development process, providing valuable insights into serious game creation. • Foundational Pedagogical Theory: A key strength of this work is the integration of a foundational pedagogical theory that underpins the design. This approach demonstrates the benefits of embedding such a theory into the design of serious games, enhancing the educational value of the game. • Strategies for Game Mechanics Development: We propose several pedagogically sound strategies to guide the development of game mechanics, accompanied by a thorough discussion of the associated challenges and successes. These insights can serve as a practical guide for educators and game designers aiming to create effective educational tools. In recent years, serious games have gained popularity among diverse audiences. These games offer an interactive platform for entertainment while also enhancing soft or subject-matter skills. Recognising the importance of problem-solving skills as well as serious games, especially for undergraduate students, this research paper outlines a three-phased study. Phase I involved semi-structured interviews with psychologists, educational scientists, and soft skills trainers to identify strategies for improving students’ problem-solving abilities. In Phase II, a narrative serious game was designed and developed based on Mezirow’s transformational learning theory. Finally, Phase III evaluated the game’s effectiveness and usability among a sample of undergraduate students. High satisfactory scores received both on “Game Experience Questionnaire” and the “System Usability Scale”. Reflecting on those high scores and the design and development process of this game, a three-layers model is developed, highlighting the three main factors affecting the effectiveness of serious games. The study’s findings have both theoretical and practical implications.