Bile Culture, Antimicrobial Susceptibility, and Hepatobiliary Pathology in Dogs Undergoing Cholecystectomy for Gallbladder Mucocele

Although the bile-culture positivity rate was modest, the frequent detection of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) organisms highlights the clinical value of culture-guided antibiotic therapy. Routine bile culture with susceptibility testing, concurrent liver biopsy, and careful perioperative management may improve diagnostic accuracy and outcomes in canine gallbladder disease.