Umbilical Anomalies and Exomphalos: A Review of Current Practice

Abstract Objective: To review current practice in the diagnosis and management of umbilical anomalies, with emphasis on exomphalos. Design: Narrative review of published literature and clinical guidelines. Results: Umbilical anomalies range from minor hernia of the cord to giant exomphalos. Antenatal diagnosis is feasible with ultrasound and MRI. Management strategies vary from primary closure to staged silo reduction and conservative epithelisation. Prognosis depends on defect size, liver involvement, and associated anomalies. Conclusions: Exomphalos remains a major neonatal surgical challenge. Current practice balances surgical innovation with conservative approaches, but consensus guidelines are lacking.