Morphological Characterization of the Kalang Buffalo (

This study characterizes the phenotypic diversity of the Kalang buffalo, a locally recognized genetic resource originating from the swampland ecosystems of Kalimantan Island, Indonesia. The Kalang buffalo plays an important cultural and socioeconomic role, particularly as a source of meat and income for rural communities. Using purposive sampling, a total of 100 Kalang buffaloes (50 males and 50 females) were assessed in Kutai Kartanegara (East Kalimantan) and Hulu Sungai Utara (South Kalimantan) Regencies. Results showed that females exhibited significantly greater values in several body measurements than males (P<0.05), although the morphometric indices did not differ between sexes (P>0.05), indicating comparable body conformation. Considerable variability was also observed in qualitative traits such as coat and skin colour, horn shape, body profile, and characteristic markings (e.g., backline, chevron, whorls). Overall, the high phenotypic diversity detected reflects both environmental adaptation and the influence of local breeding practices. These findings underscore the potential of Kalang buffaloes for targeted genetic improvement and inform future conservation efforts to support the sustainable livestock industry and strengthen farmer livelihoods.