Symbolic regression-enhanced dynamic wake meandering: fast and physically consistent wind turbine wake modelling

Accurately modelling wind turbine wakes is essential for optimising wind farm performance but remains a persistent challenge. While the dynamic wake meandering (DWM) model captures unsteady wake behaviour, it suffers from near-wake inaccuracies due to empirical closures. We propose a symbolic regression-enhanced DWM (SRDWM) framework that achieves equation-level closure by embedding symbolic expressions for volumetric forcing and boundary terms explicitly into governing equations. These physically consistent expressions are discovered from large-eddy simulations (LES) data using symbolic regression guided by a hierarchical, domain-informed decomposition strategy. A revised wake-added turbulence formulation is further introduced to enhance turbulence intensity predictions. Extensive verification across varying inflows shows that SRDWM accurately reproduces both mean wake characteristics and turbulent dynamics, achieving full spatiotemporal resolution with over three orders of magnitude speed-up compared to LES. The results highlight symbolic regression as a bridge between data and physics, enabling interpretable and generalisable modelling.