Development and Physical Characterization of Injectable Nanocrystals Derived from Euphorbia Fractiflexa Stem SAP and Antibacterial Efficacy

This study highlights <i>E. fractiflexa</i> as a valuable natural resource for the development of innovative nanotechnology formulations. The prepared NCs showed significant antibacterial activity and suitable physicochemical properties for injectable drug delivery systems. These NCs are gaining increasing attention as they can improve drug delivery and combat antibiotic resistance through plant-based, environmentally friendly formulations. However, a notable limitation is their slightly lower efficacy compared to ciprofloxacin, indicating that the formulation needs to be further optimized to increase antibacterial efficacy. Overall, this work lays the foundation for the future development of nanomedicines based on <i>E. fractiflexa</i> and highlights the value of underutilized desert plants for pharmaceutical nanotechnology.