Functions, characteristics, and experiences of non-suicidal self-injury: A cross-sectional study of youth and adolescents in Singapore

Approximately 22.1% of youth would engage in Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI). While studies have examined the prevalence of NSSI in the local context, there is a lack of studies on the presentation and phenomenology of NSSI in Singapore. This study used the Non-Suicidal Self-Injury - Assessment Tool (NSSI-AT) to examine the functions, characteristics, and NSSI experiences of local youths. 121 youths between 12 and 25 years old were recruited. Outcomes for the NSSI-AT, including the actions, functions, frequency, age of onset, initial motivations, severity, practice patterns, and disclosure of self-harm, were reported using descriptive analysis. Personal reflections were analysed using thematic analysis. Participants engaged in NSSI actions such as cutting and scratching to manage agitating and depressive emotional states. Most participants started engaging in NSSI in early adolescence (mean = 13.0 years, <i>SD</i> = 2.37, range = 7-23) and had disclosed their NSSI with others' initiation. When reflecting on NSSI experiences, participants gave encouragement to others and reported the negative aspects of self-harm. Findings support emotional regulation as a function of NSSI in the local population, who may be more vulnerable during early adolescence. This study also suggests the importance of having a person-centred treatment approach to effectively serve this age group and their challenges.