Sporothrix brasiliensis and cats: understanding the disease and the promising potential of veterinary antifungal vaccination for a healthier future of both humans and animals

Abstract Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous fungal infection caused by species of the Sporothrix genus that affects both humans and animals. Sporothrix brasiliensis is a dimorphic fungus that exists in a mycelial and conidial phase in nature and is a yeast in its parasitic stage or when cultured at 37°C. Since its first identification in animals in 1907, the disease has become a significant concern, especially given the increasing number of cases in cats, particularly in urban areas. This has contributed to an increase in zoonotic transmission and the current epidemic of sporotrichosis in Brazil. Virulent strains of S. brasiliensis , combined with the increased susceptibility of felines, have exacerbated the public health challenge posed by sporotrichosis. As with other infectious diseases, immunomodulation presents a promising strategy for the prevention, treatment, and control of sporotrichosis in animals, potentially reducing zoonotic transmission. This review examines the role of cats in the transmission of this disease, the interactions between Sporothrix species and the host immune system, and the progress in the development of antifungal vaccines. We also highlight ongoing research into vaccine strategies. Ultimately, our goal is to encourage further dialog on effective approaches to control the rapid spread of zoonotic sporotrichosis. Graphical Abstract Sporothrix brasiliensis drives a growing sporotrichosis epidemic in Brazil, with domestic cats serving as the key zoonotic reservoir. This review examines the feline-driven transmission cycle, host‒pathogen immune interactions, and current progress in vaccine development. Immunomodulation through feline vaccination has emerged as a crucial strategy for breaking the transmission chain and controlling this public health threat.