Optimal control strategy for electric vehicle powered by PV arrays and battery using sliding mode control and linear quadratic regulator

This study proposes an optimal control strategy for an electric vehicle (EV) powered by PV arrays and a battery employing a current-fed converter topology regulated via sliding mode control and linear quadratic regulator (LQR). To enhance the efficiency of the photovoltaic system, an ANFIS-based MPPT approach is implemented. Current-fed converters are particularly attractive for EV applications due to their inherent advantages in continuous input current, magnetic isolation, and high reliability under regenerative braking conditions. An LQR controller is then systematically designed to minimize a quadratic cost function, balancing tracking performance and control effort. The proposed scheme ensures robust voltage regulation and smooth tracking of the reference currents. Simulation results of SMC demonstrate better performance in terms of dynamic response and current ripple minimization compared to a linear quadratic regulator. The proposed system has been validated through Delfino F28379D in a hardware-in-the-loop setup.