Entrepreneurial orientation toward starting camel-based entrepreneurial ventures in Saudi Arabia: role of entrepreneurial culture, circular economy and government support

Purpose Camel-centered entrepreneurial ventures in Saudi Arabia represent a culturally significant and economically viable sector, aligning with the objectives of Vision 2030 to diversify the economy by transforming traditional camel-related industries, such as tourism, dairy, cosmetics and sports, into innovative and sustainable business models. Therefore, this study aims to examine the impact of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) on establishing camel-based entrepreneurial ventures in Saudi Arabia, with entrepreneurial culture (EC) being assessed as a mediating factor. To capture the contextual dynamics, this study introduced two boundary conditions: Circular Economy (CE) and Government Support (GS), both evaluated for their moderating effects on the relationships between EO and EC, as well as between EC and the initiation of camel-based ventures. Design/methodology/approach A quantitative research design was used, using a purposive sampling strategy to collect data from 147 Saudi entrepreneurs engaged in camel-related activities. Findings Structural equation modeling using partial least squares revealed that EO significantly influenced the creation of camel-based ventures, with EC serving a critical mediating role. Furthermore, the findings indicate that these relationships were stronger with high engagement in CE and substantial GS. Originality/value The findings offer novel insights into EO by elucidating the interaction of cultural, environmental and institutional factors in shaping sustainable entrepreneurship within niche sectors – an area frequently overlooked in EO studies. By concentrating on the Saudi context, this study extends EO theory to encompass emerging economies. It outlines the boundary conditions that enhance our understanding of entrepreneurial outcomes contingent upon socio-institutional facilitators. This approach provides theoretical advancement and practical guidance for policymakers and practitioners seeking to align entrepreneurial ecosystems with national transformation objectives, such as Vision 2030.