Editorial: Stem cells and extracellular vesicles in bone health, disease and regeneration, volume II

considerable medical burden on society (1)(2)(3)(4). However, currently available therapeutic strategies for these conditions are neither cost-effective nor easily accessible (5).Notably, medications used to treat osteoporosis are associated with rare complications such as osteonecrosis of the jaw and atypical femoral fracture (depending it on long term therapy), while effective methods for bone regeneration fall short in addressing severe infections and large-scale defects (6). In preclinical studies, various sources of stem cells, particularly mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), have been utilized in the treatment of osteoporosis and the promotion of bone regeneration, yielding certain positive outcomes (1). Furthermore, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have garnered extensive attention recently for their potential in treating bone diseases due to their cellfree nature, low immunogenicity, and capacity to carry a diverse array of effective molecules and drugs (1,7). This Research Topic aims to explore and summarize the most cutting-edge advancements in this field. It seeks to provide the latest foundational insights into bone diseases while contributing to efforts aimed at maintaining optimal bone health.With the progression of aging, osteoporosis, a prevalent manifestation of skeletal senescence closely associated with impaired bone homeostasis, inevitably occurs. Collectively, these contributions synthesize recent cutting-edge progress in the use of MSCs and EVs for degenerative bone diseases and bone defects, elucidating their modes of action and highlighting their clinical promise in managing skeletal disorders.