Influence of powertrain topology (FWD vs RWD) on regenerative braking capabilities in electric vehicles

This study compares the regenerative braking capability and energy efficiency of a small-class electric vehicle based on the Wuling Macaron EV with FWD or RWD engine configuration. Both drivetrain configurations were simulated under NEDC and WLTP Class 3 driving cycles using MATLAB/Simulink and parallel regenerative braking control, with the vehicle’s maximum speed limited to 100 km/h to emulate real operating conditions. Drivetrain arrangement significantly affects regenerative energy recovery. FWD had greater negative battery current peaks during deceleration, faster energy recovery, and a slower SOC decline than RWD. FWD layouts achieved up to 15 % greater regeneration energy and 3.4 percent lower net energy use under WLTP conditions. Due to better front-axle load transfer, traction and regenerative torque improve. An average driving distance of 20,000 km in Uzbekistan results in an estimated annual energy savings of 98 kWh, or 88,000 UZS (≈8 USD) per vehicle. Data shows that electric automobiles with higher motor torque and power ratings may have better regenerative braking. The results show that front-wheel drive and proper motor features improve braking energy recovery and vehicle performance more efficiently and economically for small urban electric cars.