Molecular Pathology of Thyroid Follicular Epithelial Cell–Derived Neoplasia: An Update

The distinction between the respective molecular signatures of papillary thyroid carcinoma and follicular neoplasia, and the specter of alterations associated with aggressive cancers, remain pertinent in the present era. Important changes since 2011 relate to the reorganization of diagnostic categories, the prospect of molecular alterations in (or their incompatibility with) nonneoplastic processes, and the variety of available molecular testing platforms. Molecular analysis of thyroid nodules now factors into every step along the gamut from initial assessment to definitive classification to subsequent guidance of management. Nikiforov's review established a conceptual framework around thyroid neoplasia that has evolved over time, but endures as the dominant paradigm regarding these tumors.