Does a Smarter ChatGPT Become More Utilitarian?

Hundreds of millions of users interact with large language models (LLMs) regularly to get advice on all aspects of life. The increase in LLMs' logical capabilities might be accompanied by unintended side effects with ethical implications. Focusing on recent model developments of ChatGPT, we can show clear evidence for a systematic shift in ethical stances that accompanied a leap in the models' logical capabilities. Specifically, as ChatGPT's capacity grows, it tends to give decisively more utilitarian answers to the two most famous dilemmas in ethics. Given the documented impact that LLMs have on users, we call for a research focus on the prevalence and dominance of ethical theories in LLMs as well as their potential shift over time. Moreover, our findings highlight the need for continuous monitoring and transparent public reporting of LLMs' moral reasoning to ensure their informed and responsible use.

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Publication Details

Journal
Science and Engineering Ethics
Published
2025-12-22
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-025-00579-4
Primary Topic
Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
0.00
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article

Does a Smarter ChatGPT Become More Utilitarian?

Sebastian Krügel, Matthias Uhl, Jürgen Pfeffer
Science and Engineering Ethics
Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education
article

Does a Smarter ChatGPT Become More Utilitarian?

Sebastian Krügel, Matthias Uhl, Jürgen Pfeffer
article en

Abstract

Hundreds of millions of users interact with large language models (LLMs) regularly to get advice on all aspects of life. The increase in LLMs' logical capabilities might be accompanied by unintended side effects with ethical implications. Focusing on recent model developments of ChatGPT, we can show clear evidence for a systematic shift in ethical stances that accompanied a leap in the models' logical capabilities. Specifically, as ChatGPT's capacity grows, it tends to give decisively more utilitarian answers to the two most famous dilemmas in ethics. Given the documented impact that LLMs have on users, we call for a research focus on the prevalence and dominance of ethical theories in LLMs as well as their potential shift over time. Moreover, our findings highlight the need for continuous monitoring and transparent public reporting of LLMs' moral reasoning to ensure their informed and responsible use.

Science and Engineering EthicsVol. 32(1)
University of Hohenheim (DE), Technical University of Munich (DE)
Peace, Justice and strong institutions
Openalex Percentile: Top 41%
Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education
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