Evaluation of a Problem-Based Learning Program’s Effect on Artificial Intelligence Ethics Among Japanese Medical Students: Mixed Methods Study

This PBL-based program was associated with the improvements in knowledge and, more importantly, a structural transformation in students' thinking about AI ethics from an abstract level to a concrete, clinically grounded reasoning. The discrepancy between quantitative and qualitative findings suggests limitations of MCQs in assessing higher-order skills fostered by PBL. Overall, this study indicates the potential of PBL as an effective pedagogical method for AI ethics education.