Interventions to reduce empathy-based stress and enhance compassionate care in mental health wards: a systematic review

Current interventions are being offered without a clear evidence-base or guiding model, and risk harming staff. Multi-level interventions using clearer logic models which tackle both job demands and resources are recommended. A model of implementation factors which may help interventions to succeed is proposed. More high-quality controlled intervention studies, considering contextual and process factors, and incorporating co-production, are needed, especially given the risk of iatrogenic harm.