Continuous cropping drives assembly process of soil microbial community to alter keystone taxa causing challenges

The bacterial community in CC5 was driven by deterministic assembly processes, resulting in a distinct structure. The complexity and stability of the co-occurrence network significantly decreased, accompanied by a higher abundance of harmful microbes and a lower abundance of beneficial microbes, which exacerbated the continuous cropping obstacles. In contrast, after 15 years of continuous cropping, the bacterial community assembly shifted to stochastic processes and trans-kingdom co-occurrence network complexity and stability strengthened, beneficial microbes increased, and continuous cropping challenges alleviated.