Pilot‐Scale Fabrication and Characterization of Hydrophilic Membranes Using MnO ₂ /Mn ₂ O ₃ Nanoparticles

ABSTRACT Membranes are applied across numerous fields, including the separation of pharmaceutical waste, due to their affordability, high efficiency in contaminant removal, and versatile functionality. Nevertheless, the efficiency of membranes is substantially compromised by fouling. Incorporating hydrophilic inorganic components has proven effective in mitigating membrane fouling. This study focuses on developing novel mixed‐matrix membranes for separating and recovering ascorbic acid (vitamin C) from aqueous solutions using manganese nanoparticles (MnO 2 , Mn 2 O 3 ) in polysulfone (PSF) casting solutions. The membranes underwent analysis via thermogravimetric analysis, microscopic and spectroscopic techniques, and evaluations of their mechanical properties, contact angle, and internal membrane‐specific area. Characterization of the synthesized nanoparticles included X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. UV spectrophotometry at 260 nm was used to measure ascorbic acid concentrations in feed and fitrate solutions. Incorporating Mn 2 O 3 Nanoparticles in flat sheet nanofiltration membranes and a pilot‐scale nanofiltration unit demonstrated enhanced permeate flux and effective pharmaceutical rejection. The resulting membranes are applicable across various industrial sectors. When MnO 2 NPs were embedded in the polysulfone matrix, mechanical testing exhibited an increase in tensile strength. MnO 2 , NP‐blended PSF casting solutions exhibited enhanced surface hydrophilicity as proved by contact angle measurements. Fouling tests highlighted the Mn 2 O 3 Membrane's superior antifouling properties indicate that nanoparticle addition enhances membrane porosity, hydrophilicity, water flux, and antifouling characteristics.