Evaluating climate parameters over the Uttarakhand Himalaya in the context of climate change

Climatic parameters and vegetation indices are significantly influenced by anthropogenic activities, posing concerns for climate prediction amid global warming. This study examines atmospheric dynamics and the distribution of climatic and anthropogenic factors across varying altitudes using satellite remote sensing data for the year 2023. Findings indicate that experimental sites are affected by anthropogenic activities like ozone (O₃) and biomass carbon stocks (BCS), while sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and sulfate (SO₄) exhibit maximum variability, particularly in the Himalayan foothills. Higher altitudes show long-term temperature increases, with land surface temperature (LST) and precipitation (PPT) fluctuating alongside normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and enhanced vegetation index (EVI). All locations exhibit a non-platy kurtic distribution of climatic and anthropogenic indicators, with a positively skewed relationship between skewness and kurtosis. These findings highlight the potential of climatic parameters and vegetation indices for microclimate analysis and weather forecasting models. The study also emphasizes the utility of multivariate statistical approaches in assessing climate variations at temporal and spatial scales using remote sensing data.