Study of the dependence of rice grain emptiness during the flowering period under conditions of climatic anomalies in the South of Russia

Currently, in the territory of the South of Russia, along with a shortage of water resources, there is an increase in the number of climatic deviations and an increase in the frequency of adverse natural phenomena, which leads to a decrease in the quality and quantity of the rice crop. Consequently, obtaining sustainable yields in the current natural and climatic conditions is a priority task, and its solution will strengthen Russia's food security and its international position as one of the world's leading producers and suppliers of grain to world markets. Therefore, the purpose of our research is to study and predict the impact of low temperatures during the flowering period, which affects the process of empty grain formation in rice. The studies were carried out by the authors based on long-term monitoring data on the production and economic activities of rice farms for 2019-2023. in Krasnoarmeysky district (OOO SKHP im. Lenin), Kalininsky district (OOO AF Kurchanskaya, OOO YUVIKS-PRO), Slavyansky district (OOO Chernoerkovskoye, OOO Meliorator, OOO APF Kuban, OOO APF Kuban), Abinsky district (OOO SKHP Kuban, OOO Ris), Temryuk district (GUP KK Kubanskie Produkty, GUP KK Kubanskie Produkty). The object of the study is the rice irrigation system. The subject of the research is the study of the dependence of the empty grains of rice during the flowering period. Due to the fact that empty grains are one of the main causes of yield losses in many regions where rice is cultivated, the article studies the effect of low temperatures, which have a significant impact on the process of empty grain formation, and studies the mechanisms and factors regulating this process. The authors present the results of a comprehensive study based on theoretical and experimental methods, using long-term data on various rice varieties and environmental parameters. It has been established that low temperatures during the rice flowering period have a significant impact on the process of empty grain formation. It has been revealed that with a decrease in temperature, pollination and pollination deteriorate, which leads to incomplete fertilization of rice flowers. A slowdown in the processes of division and differentiation of grain cells at low temperatures was also observed, which leads to inhibition of embryo growth and the formation of empty grains. It has been established that the dependence of empty grains on low temperatures can be strengthened or weakened depending on the rice variety. Some rice varieties with a higher resistance to low temperatures are less susceptible to the formation of empty grains, which opens up prospects for breeding work and increasing the resistance of rice varieties to low temperatures. The article concludes with practical recommendations on the optimal temperature for processing and caring for rice fields during the flowering period to minimize the risk of empty grain formation and increase rice yield.