Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV): An Emerging Respiratory Virus, a Narrative Review

Abstract Human metapneumovirus (hMPV), discovered in 2001, is a respiratory pathogen that primarily affects young children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. It belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family, sharing similarities with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in its clinical presentation and epidemiology. hMPV causes a spectrum of respiratory illnesses, from mild upper respiratory symptoms to severe lower respiratory infections, including bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Coinfections with other respiratory viruses, such as RSV, influenza, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, can exacerbate disease severity. The virus spreads via respiratory droplets and direct contact, leading to seasonal outbreaks, especially during late winter and early spring. Despite the development of immune responses, reinfections are common, indicating limited lasting immunity. Ongoing research aims to develop vaccines, diagnostic tools, and therapeutic approaches. However, challenges remain, including the need for specific antiviral therapies and managing coinfections in vulnerable populations. Early diagnosis and tailored clinical management are crucial for mitigating the morbidity and mortality associated with hMPV infection.