Histomorphological and Biochemical Effects of Cancer Polyherbal Formulations and Sorafenib on Experimentally Induced Renal Toxicity in Wistar Rats

This study investigated the histomorphological changes associated with the consumption of cancer polyherbal formulations, their interaction with Sorafenib, and their effects on renal toxicity. Sixty Wistar rats (30 males and 30 females) were randomized into ten groups of six rats each. Group A received standard feed and water, Group B received Sorafenib, Groups C and D received polyherbal formulations (Agbo A and Agbo B, respectively), Group E received CCl4, while Groups F–J received various combinations of CCl4 with Sorafenib and/or the polyherbal formulations. Biochemical analyses included serum creatinine (Jaffe-slot method), sodium and potassium (ion-selective electrode method), and malondialdehyde (TBARS assay). Histopathological evaluation was performed using Hematoxylin and Eosin staining. Statistical analysis with one-way ANOVA and post hoc testing revealed significant increases (p ≤ 0.05) in serum creatinine and potassium levels in the treatment groups compared to controls, whereas sodium and malondialdehyde levels showed no significant changes. Histological examination demonstrated renal tissue alterations such as inflammation, necrosis, hemorrhage, glomerular hypercellularity, and interstitial infiltration. The findings indicate that the polyherbal formulations exert nephrotoxic effects, and their interaction with Sorafenib further aggravates renal injury.