Breeding Space as a Determinant of Growth Morphometrics, Gonadal Development, and Hepatic Condition in Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822)

This study investigated the impact of breeding space, specifically pond size, on growth, reproductive performance, and metabolic health in Clarias gariepinus (African sharptooth catfish), a species of significant aquaculture value. Ten fish samples sourced from ponds of varying sizes were assessed for morphometric parameters, including standard length (50.8 - 59.3 cm) and body weight (1400 - 2000 g), along with reproductive status measured by the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI: 0.2 - 5.0) and metabolic health assessed by the Hepatosomatic Index (HSI: 0.6-3.7). Fish reared in larger ponds showed significantly greater mean body length (58.9 cm) and body weight (1950 g) compared to those in smaller ponds (53.2 cm and 1450 g, respectively; p < 0.05). Similarly, liver weight and HSI values were higher in the large-pond group (HSI mean 3.4) relative to small-pond fish (HSI mean 1.2), indicating enhanced energy reserves. Correspondingly, GSI values were significantly elevated in larger ponds (mean 4.3) compared to smaller ponds (mean 1.1; p < 0.05), suggesting improved reproductive readiness. An inverse correlation (r = –0.68, p < 0.01) was observed between GSI and HSI, consistent with energy mobilization toward gonadal development during peak reproduction. Nevertheless, fish in optimal environments maintained relatively high levels of both indices, signifying the importance of adequate nutrition alongside space. These findings underscore pond size as a critical determinant of growth, reproduction, and metabolic condition in C. gariepinus. The study recommends that aquaculture practitioners prioritize larger, well-managed pond systems to optimize fish health and productivity. Regular monitoring of GSI and HSI is also advised to inform management decisions. Further research is warranted to delineate the interactions between breeding space and environmental variables to refine sustainable practices, meeting global aquaculture demands while ensuring fish welfare.