MARINE LOGISTICS IN THE INTERNATIONAL GRAIN TRADE: TECHNICAL, COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS

Тhe article analyses marine logistics in the international grain trade as an integrated system of commercial, technical, and legal processes. Given that over 90% of global grain exports move by sea, the study emphasises the sector’s strategic importance for food security and market stability. The commercial section examines the contractual structure of grain transactions, the role of intermediary traders, and the practical implications of FOB and CIF terms. The technical overview discusses bulk carrier classes, cargo conditioning, and modern methods for quantity and quality control. The legal analysis focuses on the Bill of Lading as both a transport and financial instrument, alongside the transition to electronic documentation. The study concludes that efficiency in grain logistics requires coordinated integration of technology, optimised contractual frameworks, and advanced port infrastructure.