From Protected Pearls to Shining Independently: The Evolving Role of Female Taxi Drivers in Saudi Arabia

This study investigates the impact of modernisation efforts and emerging feminist movements on gender equality in Saudi Arabia, and focuses specifically on the experiences of Saudi female taxi drivers and their passengers. Despite significant societal reforms, such as the removal of the ban on women driving and the dismantling of the male guardianship system, Saudi women still face substantial barriers in male-dominated sectors such as transportation. Existing research often fails to address the unique challenges faced by women across generations and cultural contexts and thus a gap in understanding remains as to how these reforms impact the full participation of women in this area of Saudi life. The research aims to explore the hidden barriers and biases that persist despite recent reforms. It uses a qualitative, interpretive approach centred on in-depth interviews with female Saudi Arabian taxi drivers and their passengers. The study critically examines the influence of cultural and patriarchal norms on women's empowerment, the societal acceptance of female taxi drivers across generations, and the impact of public perception on their experiences. Key findings reveal that, while modernisation has empowered many women, deeply ingrained cultural norms still limit their opportunities. The study contributes to modernisation and feminist theories, demonstrating how global feminist movements and societal change can challenge patriarchal systems. It provides practical recommendations to policymakers and advocacy organisations to eliminate biases and foster inclusive work environments; furthermore it offers valuable insights for countries with similar socio-political landscapes. This research advances academic theory and serves as a critical tool for promoting gender equality and social justice. It provides a foundation for future studies on women's empowerment in male-dominated industries.