Extrapolating beyond numbers: the interpretation of statistical results Among Saudi Linguists and Social Scientists

This study examined the interpretation of p-values and confidence intervals (CIs) among Saudi linguists and social scientists. Using both performance-based tasks and self-reports with statistical concepts, the study revealed widespread conceptual misunderstandings regarding the meaning of p-value and the proper interpretation of CIs. Among the most challenging p-value statements were those reflecting inverse probability fallacies, with 70 % of participants incorrectly interpreting p-values as proof of hypothesis truth or as probabilities of hypothesis accuracy. CIs were even more problematic, with 78 % of participants endorsing a Bayesian misinterpretation that assigned a 95 % probability to the parameter falling within a single observed interval. The findings highlight the prevalence of persistent statistical misconceptions among academics, despite formal training and research experience. These results highlight the need for statistical education that emphasizes interpretation and conceptual clarity over calculation. It also shows the existing dissociation between statistical practice and statistical understanding in these fields. Consequently, improving statistical literacy in this population is essential for enhancing research quality, peer review, and evidence-based scholarly communication.