Metacognition and meta-emotion in schizophrenia, bipolar I disorder, and obsessive–compulsive disorder: A cross-sectional comparative study

SCZ is characterized by selective impairments in metacognitive and meta-emotional processes-most notably reduced Interest and Cognitive Self-Consciousness, with a trend toward lower Cognitive Confidence. OCD, in contrast, is marked by excessive self-focus and negative emotional evaluation. Examining metacognition and meta-emotion together offers a nuanced understanding of both shared and disorder-specific vulnerabilities across severe mental disorders, potentially guiding more targeted cognitive-emotional interventions.