Effects of acidic beverages and common mouthwashes on the surface properties and colour stability of different direct and indirect composite materials: An in vitro study

Abstract This in vitro investigation explored how acidic beverages and commonly used mouthwashes influence the surface morphology, gloss retention and colour stability of four different resin‐based restorative materials: Gradia Direct Anterior, Solare X, Gradia Indirect and Cerasmart 270 (GC Corporation). A total of 216 specimens were immersed in four mouthwashes (Sensodyne, Listerine Cool Mint, Oral‐B 3D, Colgate Plax) and four beverages (coffee, tea, red wine, coke) to simulate 1 year of clinical exposure. Surface roughness, gloss and colour changes were measured. Significant differences in roughness were found among materials and solutions ( P < 0.001), with Cerasmart 270 exhibiting the lowest roughness (12.2 nm) and Gradia Direct Anterior the highest (23.2 nm). Coke and red wine caused the most surface degradation. Although gloss changes were not significantly influenced by material–solution interactions, Cerasmart 270 and Gradia Indirect consistently exhibited higher gloss values ( P < 0.05). Cerasmart 270 demonstrated superior surface properties and colour stability under the tested conditions.