Promoting brain health across the lifespan: Socioeconomic burden, global recommendations, and the Spanish national plan

Neurological and mental health disorders substantially reduce life expectancy and represent a major public health and socioeconomic burden in Europe, accounting for a significant proportion of disability and productivity loss. In Spain, conditions affecting brain health are among the most costly chronic diseases, representing nearly 8 % of the national gross domestic product. In response to this growing challenge, and in line with the World Health Organization's definition of brain health as a life-course concept encompassing cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and motor functioning, several European countries have developed national brain plans under the coordination and advocacy of the European Brain Council. This <b>white paper</b> presents the <b>Spanish Brain Plan</b>, a national, policy-oriented framework designed to promote brain health across the lifespan through prevention, early detection, evidence-based treatment, integrated care, and research coordination. The document aims to (i) synthesize current evidence on the burden of brain disorders in Spain, (ii) identify structural gaps in research, care, and data infrastructures, and (iii) propose strategic priorities aligned with European and international brain health initiatives. The Spanish Brain Plan is situated within the broader landscape of existing European national brain plans, enabling cross-country comparison and shared learning. The manuscript was developed through expert consultation within the Spanish Brain Council, complemented by a review of current scientific literature, policy documents, and international frameworks. By articulating a coordinated, science-based strategy, this white paper seeks to support policymakers, clinicians, researchers, and patient stakeholders in advancing brain health as a national and European public health priority.