Inequalities for k-regular partitions

Abstract We build upon the work by Bessenrodt and Ono, as well as Beckwith and Bessenrodt concerning the combined additive and multiplicative behavior of the k -regular partition functions $$p_k(n)$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . Our focus is on addressing the solutions of the Bessenrodt–Ono inequality $$\begin{aligned} p_k(a) \, p_k(b) &gt; p_k(a+b). \end{aligned}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtable> <mml:mtr> <mml:mtd> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mspace/> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>b</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>&gt;</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>b</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>.</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mtd> </mml:mtr> </mml:mtable> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> We determine the sets $$E_k$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>E</mml:mi> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:math> and $$F_k$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>F</mml:mi> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:math> consisting of all pairs ( a , b ), where we have equality or the opposite inequality. Bessenrodt and Ono previously determined the exception sets $$E_{\infty }$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>E</mml:mi> <mml:mi>∞</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:math> and $$F_{\infty }$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>F</mml:mi> <mml:mi>∞</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:math> for the partition function p ( n ). We prove by induction that $$E_k=E_{\infty }$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>E</mml:mi> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>E</mml:mi> <mml:mi>∞</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and $$F_k=F_{\infty }$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>F</mml:mi> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>F</mml:mi> <mml:mi>∞</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> if and only if $$k \ge 10$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> <mml:mo>≥</mml:mo> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . Beckwith and Bessenrodt used analytic methods to consider $$2 \le k \le 6$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:mo>≤</mml:mo> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> <mml:mo>≤</mml:mo> <mml:mn>6</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , while Alanazi, Gagola, and Munagi studied the case $$k=2$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>

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Journal
Research in Number Theory
Published
2025-12-18
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40993-025-00684-0
Primary Topic
Advanced Mathematical Identities
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article

Inequalities for k-regular partitions

Research in Number Theory
Advanced Mathematical Identities
article

Inequalities for k-regular partitions

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Abstract

Abstract We build upon the work by Bessenrodt and Ono, as well as Beckwith and Bessenrodt concerning the combined additive and multiplicative behavior of the k -regular partition functions $$p_k(n)$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . Our focus is on addressing the solutions of the Bessenrodt–Ono inequality $$\begin{aligned} p_k(a) \, p_k(b) &gt; p_k(a+b). \end{aligned}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtable> <mml:mtr> <mml:mtd> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mspace/> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>b</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>&gt;</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>b</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>.</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mtd> </mml:mtr> </mml:mtable> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> We determine the sets $$E_k$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>E</mml:mi> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:math> and $$F_k$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>F</mml:mi> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:math> consisting of all pairs ( a , b ), where we have equality or the opposite inequality. Bessenrodt and Ono previously determined the exception sets $$E_{\infty }$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>E</mml:mi> <mml:mi>∞</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:math> and $$F_{\infty }$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>F</mml:mi> <mml:mi>∞</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:math> for the partition function p ( n ). We prove by induction that $$E_k=E_{\infty }$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>E</mml:mi> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>E</mml:mi> <mml:mi>∞</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and $$F_k=F_{\infty }$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>F</mml:mi> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>F</mml:mi> <mml:mi>∞</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> if and only if $$k \ge 10$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> <mml:mo>≥</mml:mo> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . Beckwith and Bessenrodt used analytic methods to consider $$2 \le k \le 6$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:mo>≤</mml:mo> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> <mml:mo>≤</mml:mo> <mml:mn>6</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , while Alanazi, Gagola, and Munagi studied the case $$k=2$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>

Research in Number TheoryVol. 12(1)
University of Cologne (DE), Kutaisi International University (GE), RWTH Aachen University (DE)
Reduced inequalities
Openalex Percentile: Top 19%
Advanced Mathematical Identities
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