Europe Faces Multiple Arboviral Threats in 2025

The year 2025 likely marks a turning point in both the perception and the reality of mosquito-borne arboviral diseases in Europe. While chikungunya and dengue viruses have long been regarded as tropical illnesses confined to intertropical regions, West Nile virus has circulated for decades in temperate areas, including southern Europe. Nevertheless, all three mosquito-borne viruses are now increasingly established across the European continent. This evolution reflects a profound transformation of the European epidemiological landscape, where arboviral diseases are increasingly emerging as endemic and seasonal threats. This shift concerns not only the scale but also the dynamics of transmission, with the appearance of newly affected regions, an earlier onset of the transmission season, and a broader diversity of arboviruses involved. Europe is thus entering a new phase in which longer, wider, and more intense transmission of vector-borne diseases is likely to become the new norm requiring strengthened preparedness.