Sex differences in the effects of arm swing on sprint performance and trunk motion:

This study aimed to clarify sex differences in the effects of arm swing on sprint performance and trunk motion in adolescent middle school track and field athletes.The participants included eight male and eight female middle school students belonging to a track and field club.A comparative experiment was conducted under two conditions: normal sprinting (Normal) and sprinting with restricted arm swing (Restricted).Sprint velocity, step frequency, and stride length were calculated from high-speed camera recordings, and three-dimensional motion analysis was performed to measure shoulder and pelvic rotation angles and angular velocities.